Theories of Human Development

Psychosexual Theory by Freud

erogenous zones, sexual stages, oedipus complex, electra complex

1. Oral
2. Anal
3. Genital

Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

connection, attribution, love, care

Stages of Erikson's theory

1. Trust vs Mistrust

shapes worldview 
age - 0-1 
negative outlook or positive outlook wrt the world around them

2. Autonomy vs Shame

1 year - 3 year
sense of self, independence

3. Initiative vs Guilt

 age - 3-5 

4. Industry vs Inferiority

mastering of knowledge, intellectual skills 
negative outcome = sense of inferiority; incompetent; 
unproductive

5. Identity vs Identity Confusion

10 - 20 / adolescence
finding your self identity
who they are, where they're going in life, their values etc
failure to answer these - they are confused, negatively affects
esteem

6. Intimacy vs Isolation

Early adulthood, 20s - 30s
Developing intimate relationships
Forming healthy friendships
failure - social isolation

7. Generativity vs Stagnation

40s - 50s, middle adulthood 
Generativity = want to help younger generation
Stagnation = having done nothing to help the younger gen

8. Integrity vs Despair

60+, late adulthood
reflects on past; retrospective
was life spent well? satisfaction
doubt vs gloom, despair 
sad about and unsatisfied about the kind of life they lived 
??? close to death, how they react to aging and concept of
death??

Cognitive Theories

1. Piaget accd to him, the way they think, not how much they know, decides their cognitive development children actively contruct their understanding of the world four stages of cognitive development two processes that the cognitive construction of the world

   • Organization
   • Adaptation We organize our experiences and observations We adapt to situations and new environmental demands

   4 stages

   1. Sensorimotor Stage (birth to 2)
   2. Preoperational Stage (2 - 7)
   3. Concrete Operational Stage (7-11)
   4. Formal Operational Stage (11+ to adulthood)

2. Vygotsky's Sociocultural Cognitive Method emphasizes on how culture and social interaction mould cognitive development

3. Information processing theory No structure or stages; continuous/gradual monitoring, manipulating, strategizing information